Summary
This comprehensive video covers the Static GK section of the Parmar SSC Fat Man book, focusing on Indian classical and folk dances, and census data. It details the origins, characteristics, exponents, and associated mnemonics for various classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Kathak, Mohini Attam, Kathakali, Manipuri, and Sattriya. It then delves into folk dances across Indian states with memory tricks and visual aids. Finally, it provides an in-depth analysis of India's census data from historical context and administrative procedures to population demographics, growth rates, sex ratios, literacy, density, rural-urban divide, religious composition, workforce participation, migration, and future census plans.
Key Insights
The Sangeet Natak Academy recognizes eight classical dances, while the Ministry of Culture recognizes nine.
The Sangeet Natak Academy recognizes eight classical dances in India. However, the Ministry of Culture recognizes nine, having added Chhau dance to the list.
Nritya and Nritta are distinct concepts in classical dance: pure technique versus expressive storytelling.
Nritya refers to the pure form of dance with precise technical movements and no acting. Nritta is the expressive form, combining rhythm with emotional expressions to tell a story.
Many Indian folk dances have martial origins, potentially disguised as dance for survival and training.
Numerous martial arts dances exist across India, including Chhau (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal), Paika (Bihar, Jharkhand), Thangta (Manipur), Silam Battam (Tamil Nadu), Kalari Paya (Kerala), Gatka (Punjab), Perini Shiva Tandavam (Telangana), and Choliya (Uttarakhand). These may have served as a means of survival, self-defense, and warfare training disguised as dance.
The decadal growth rate for 2001-2011 was 17.64%, with female growth slightly higher than male.
The decadal growth rate (2001-2011) was 17.64% (181.9 million increase). Male growth was 17.19%, female growth 18.12%. 1921 is the 'Year of the Great Divide' due to the shift from high death rates to population increase.
India's overall literacy rate increased to 74.04% in 2011; rural female literacy showed maximum improvement.
Overall literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04% (Male: 82.14%, Female: 65.46%). Adult literacy (15+) was 69.3%. The maximum improvement in the last decade was in rural female literacy. Kerala has the highest literacy (94%), Bihar the lowest (61.8%).
Muslims show the highest decadal growth (24.6%) and lowest literacy, while Jains have lowest growth and highest literacy.
Religious composition: Hindu (-0.7pp), Sikh (-0.2pp), Buddhist (-0.1pp), Muslim (-0.8pp) show % decline from 2001. Muslims have highest decadal growth (24.6%) and lowest literacy. Jains have lowest decadal growth and highest literacy, showing an inverse correlation.
Majority of internal migrants move for work (men) or marriage (women).
Migration trends: Highest out-migration from UP and Bihar. Highest in-migration to Maharashtra. Main reasons for internal migration: men (work/employment), women (marriage). International migrants: 15.1% from Nepal, 2.9% from Sri Lanka.
Sections
Introduction and Roadmap
The video aims to cover the Static GK section of the Parmar SSC Fat Man book.
The video introduces its purpose, which is to cover the Static GK section of the Parmar SSC Fat Man book in an exam-oriented, clever, and easy-to-understand manner with detailed explanations suitable for SSC, Railway, UPSC, and other competitive exams. It also mentions an upcoming AI-powered app for easy studying.
13 core topics form the foundation for any exam preparation.
The video outlines the roadmap, covering 13 core topics: classical dance, folk dances of India, census data, musical instruments and gharanas, important days, books and authors, sports, international organizations, national organizations, festivals of India, government schemes, and awards and honors. This forms the foundational structure for exam preparation.
Classical Dances of India - Foundations
Indian dance forms are primarily categorized into classical and folk.
Indian dance forms are classified into two main types: classical and folk. Classical dance forms are highly disciplined with specific steps, gestures, and techniques, historically linked to temples and rituals. Folk dances are more free-flowing, community celebrations without rigid rules.
The Sangeet Natak Academy recognizes eight classical dances, while the Ministry of Culture recognizes nine.
The Sangeet Natak Academy recognizes eight classical dances in India. However, the Ministry of Culture recognizes nine, having added Chhau dance to the list.
Natyashastra by Bharata Muni is the foundational text for Indian classical dances.
The origin of all classical dances is found in the ancient text Natyashastra, considered the Fifth Veda, written by Bharata Muni. Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikeshvara is another important text detailing expressions and gestures.
Nritya and Nritta are distinct concepts in classical dance: pure technique versus expressive storytelling.
Nritya refers to the pure form of dance with precise technical movements and no acting. Nritta is the expressive form, combining rhythm with emotional expressions to tell a story.
Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu)
Bharatanatyam is India's oldest classical dance, traditionally a solo performance.
Bharatanatyam is officially India's oldest classical dance, traditionally performed solo. Its ancient names include Satsaratam, Thevarattam, Parathaiyarattam, and Dasaiyattam. It was historically performed by Devadasis in temples.
The British banned Bharatanatyam in 1910, but it was revived by E. Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi Arundale.
Due to Victorian morality, the British banned Bharatanatyam in 1910. It was later revived by legends like E. Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi Arundale, who also changed its name from Sadirattam to Bharatanatyam.
Bharatanatyam is divided into Shaivaite (masculine) and Vaishnavite (feminine) forms.
Its classical forms have two major divisions: Shaivaite, dedicated to Lord Shiva with a masculine style, and Vaishnavite, dedicated to Lord Vishnu with a more feminine and graceful flow. Sangam literature texts like Chilapatti Karam and Man Meghalaya contain references.
The performance sequence of Bharatanatyam follows a strict chronological order from Alarippu to Mangalam.
The performance sequence includes Alarippu (flower offering), Jati Swaram (pure dance), Shabdham (introduction of emotions), Varnam (complex stage), Padam, Tillana (fast-paced), and Mangalam (conclusion). The Lasiya form represents the feminine aspect, and Tandava the masculine.
Mnemonic 'Bharati and Alarmil gave Rukmini the Padma' aids recall of key exponents.
A mnemonic 'Bharati and Alarmil gave Rukmini the Padma' helps remember key exponents: Bharati (Bharatanatyam), Alarmel (Alarmel Valli), Rukmini (Rukmini Devi Arundale), and Padma (Padma Subramaniam). Other important dancers include Bala Saraswati, Yamini Krishnamurthy, Dhananjayan family, Sonal Mansingh, and Leela Samson.
Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh)
Kuchipudi, from Andhra Pradesh, blends dance and drama and symbolizes the element of Earth.
Kuchipudi, originating from Andhra Pradesh, is a dance form blending dance and drama. It was previously known as Bhagavata Mela Dance and is closely associated with the earth element. Tirtha Narayanti and Siddhendra Yogi are credited for its development.
The Tarangam sequence in Kuchipudi involves dancing on the rim of a brass plate.
A unique sequence in Kuchipudi is Tarangam, where the dancer performs while standing on the sharp rim of a brass plate, demanding exceptional balance and technical grace.
Many Kuchipudi exponents share the surname 'Reddy', but some, like Yamini Krishnamurthy, excel in multiple forms.
A common trick for recalling Kuchipudi exponents is the prevalence of the surname 'Reddy'. However, exceptions like Yamini Krishnamurthy and Mallika Sarabhai master both Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi.
Odissi (Odisha)
Odissi, associated with water, is characterized by the Tribhangi posture and originated from the Mahari tradition.
Odissi, symbolizing water, is known for its Tribhangi posture (three-part body bend). It originated from the Mahari tradition of female temple dancers and was later revived by young boys in the Gotipua tradition, saving it from extinction.
Kailu Charan Mohapatra is considered the 'Father of Odissi' for popularizing it in the modern era.
Kailu Charan Mohapatra is recognized as the official Father of Odissi for his role in popularizing the dance form. Other notable names include Sujata Mahapatra and Leela Mohanty. Pankaj Charan Das is the Adi Guru of Odissi.
Kathak (Uttar Pradesh)
Kathak, originating from temple roots, fused with Mughal court influences, especially in storytelling and ghazals.
Kathak, derived from 'katha' (storytelling), originated in temples but moved to Mughal and Awadhi courts. This led to a fusion with ghazals, thumris, and Hindustani music, adapting court costumes and incorporating rapid footwork (chakkar).
The gharana system is central to Kathak, with Lucknow, Jaipur, and Banaras being the major ones.
The gharana system is vital to Kathak. Key founders include Ishwari Prasad (Lucknow), Bhanuji Maharaj (Jaipur), and Chanaki Prasad (Banaras). Legendary exponents often share surnames like Maharaj and Prasad.
Pandit Birju Maharaj is a synonymous name with Kathak, known for establishing the Kalashram dance school.
Pandit Birju Maharaj, from the Bindadin gharana (Lucknow), is a synonymous name with Kathak. He established the Kalashram dance school and received the Padma Vibhushan. Other notable exponents include Lachhu Maharaj, Achch Maharaj, Shobhana Narayan, and Sitara Devi.
Mohini Attam (Kerala)
Mohini Attam, the 'Dance of Enchanters', symbolizes the element of air with graceful, fluid movements.
Mohini Attam, derived from Mohini (Vishnu's female incarnation), symbolizes air. It is known for its graceful, fluid movements mimicking swaying coconut trees, without abrupt jerks. Its primary literary reference is Vyavaharamala.
V.N. Menon, King Swati Thirunal, and Kalyani Kutty Amma were instrumental in reviving Mohini Attam.
Mohini Attam was nearly extinct but revived by V.N. Menon (lifting temple bans), King Swati Thirunal (adding Carnatic music), and Kalyani Kutty Amma (founder of Kerala Kalamandalam in 1952).
Kathakali (Kerala)
Kathakali, a dramatic story performance, traditionally uses male performers and elaborate facial expressions based on color codes.
Kathakali, meaning 'story play', traditionally involves only male performers. Its elaborate makeup and facial expressions communicate character psychology: green for nobility, red for evil, and black for extreme evil. It's based on epics like the Ramayana.
Kathakali's physical demands are supported by Kalaripayattu, a Kerala martial art.
The stamina required for Kathakali is rooted in Kalaripayattu, a martial art from Kerala, highlighting the deep connection between physical discipline and performance.
Kathakali involves five Veshams (makeup types), nine Expressions, and 24 Hand Gestures.
Kathakali has five major makeup types (Veshams): Pacha (green, noble), Kathi (knife, villains), Thudi (beard), Kari (black, evil), and Minuku (radiant, virtuous females). It uses nine Expressions and 24 Hand Gestures.
Manipuri Dance (Manipur)
Manipuri dance is introverted, devotional, based on Vaishnavism and the Gita Govinda's Ashtapadis.
Manipuri dance is introverted, highly devotional, and based on Vaishnavism, using Ashtapadis from Jayadeva's Gita Govinda. Key forms include Raasleela, Sankirtana (Jagoi and Cholam), and Thangta (martial art).
The surname 'Devi' is a strong indicator of a Manipuri classical dancer.
A useful trick for identifying Manipuri exponents is that prominent classical names often end with 'Devi', such as Kalavati Devi and Bimbavati Devi. Guru Bipin Singh is a monumental figure, titled Hunjaba by the king.
Sattriya Dance (Assam)
Sattriya, a recent classical dance form, was established by Saint Srimanta Shankar Deva as part of the Ankiyanath theatre.
Sattriya, a Vaishnavite form based on devotion to Krishna, officially received classical status in 2000. It was established by Saint Srimanta Shankar Deva as part of Ankiyanath, an ancient Assamese theatre form combining dance, music, and visual art.
Jatin Goswami and Bhupen Hazarika are prominent Sattriya exponents; Hazarika received the Bharat Ratna.
Key exponents of Sattriya include Jatin Goswami and Bhupen Hazarika. Bhupen Hazarika significantly influenced the art form and received the Bharat Ratna in 2019.
Folk Dances of India - Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh folk dances include Veera Natyam, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Koalattam, Burra Katha, and Bonalu.
Folk dances of Andhra Pradesh, recalled via the trick 'For brave people, make a potion with coal steam', include Veera Natyam (dance of the brave), Lambadi (Banjara tribe), Dhimsa (Araku Valley tribe), Koalattam (stick dance), Burra Katha (storytelling), and Bonalu (honouring Goddess Mahakali).
Bhama Kalapam, a dance drama, uses a steam-like analogy for its impact.
Bhama Kalapam, a classical dance drama by Siddhendra Yogi, is likened to steam spreading, symbolizing its slow, enveloping impact on the audience. Other forms include Butta Bommalu (mask dance) and Dappu Nritya.
Folk Dances of India - Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh's folk dances are diverse, including Rekhapada, Aji Lamu, Wancho, and the Bardo Chhamam zodiac dance.
Folk dances of Arunachal Pradesh, based on the trick 'Rekha, Aruna, Aji, Vancho, go to Bua's in the evening and watch the Lion and Peacock dance with masks on', include Rekhapada (Mishmi tribe), Aji Lamu (Munpa tribe), Wancho dance, Pasikonki (Adi tribe), Chaloko (Nok tribe), and Bardo Chhamam (12 zodiac signs).
Bardo Chhamam is performed by the Shadukpin community and represents the 12 zodiac signs.
Bardo Chhamam is performed by the Shadukpin community and represents the 12 zodiac signs, linked to Tibetan Buddhist tradition and astrology.
Folk Dances of India - Assam
Assam's folk dances, like Ali Iling and Bhortal, are often associated with festivals and devotional themes.
Assam's folk dances, remembered through the anxious student prayer trick 'Ali went to the deity in the morning. Oh God, please give me marks in maths. I will dance with joy this shift', include Ali Iling (Mishmi tribe), Bhortal (Satya community), Davdhani (snake goddess Manasa worship), Ankiya Anat (one-act play), Oja Pali, and Jhummar (tea garden workers).
Bihu is both a dance and a major festival in Assam.
Bihu is a significant dance and a long festival in Assam. Other dances include Bagurumba (Bodo tribe), Baidima (Dimasa tribe), and Bawang (Karbi Anglong tribe).
Folk Dances of India - Bihar
Bihar's folk dances like Jat Jatin and Sohar are deeply rooted in regional stories and traditions.
Bihar's folk dances, visualized through 'Two rowdy Jat women are dancing their Sohar', include Natwa (Chamar community), Jat Jatin (Mithila region, tragic love story), Sohar Khilawana (childbirth celebration), and Jhumri (Mithila region).
Videshiya dance in Bihar addresses social issues.
Other folk dances in Bihar include Videshiya (addressing social issues), Paika (martial dance of Jhula community), Jatra, Kajri (monsoon season), and Phagwa/Dhabiya dance.
Folk Dances of India - Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh's folk dances, like Karma and Pandavani, are energetic and often connected to nature and epics.
Chhattisgarh's folk dances, described by the energetic trick 'They often throw balls instead of playing Suar. They do crazy things and dance Saila under the chandelier with the Pandavas', include Aksar (Abujamaria tribe), Suaa/Parrot Dance (Kamal tribe), Karma/Karmaacha (Karma festival), Gendi/Ball dance (Baiga tribe), Gourmaria, Panthi (Satnami community), Pandavani (Mahabharata storytelling), and Sela dance (Bhil tribe).
Pandavani exponents Usha Barle and Teejan Bai are notable awardees.
Famous exponents of Pandavani dance include Usha Barle (Padma Shri 2023) and Teejan Bai (Padma Vibhushan 2019), highlighting the importance of memorizing awardees.
Folk Dances of India - Gujarat
Gujarat's folk dances like Garba and Dandiya Raas are performed during Navratri.
Gujarat's folk dances, remembered through 'The Gopis of Gujarat are swaying from the Siddhis to play Dandiya and Garba', include Gauri Raas, Dandiya Raas (after Aarti during Navratri, depicting Durga vs. Mahishasura), and Garba (before Aarti during Navratri).
Siddhi Dhamaal is performed by the Siddhi community, while Matukadi is associated with the Bharwad community.
Other dances include Siddhi Dhamaal (Siddhi community), Matukadi (Bharwad community), Padhar (Padhar community), Kaaya (Koli/Kharwa tribes), Hudo (Bharwat tribe), Bhavai, Lasiya, and Vinshudo.
Folk Dances of India - Goa
Goa's dances like Mando, Ghode Modhni, and Dekhni reflect its blend of cultures.
Goa's folk dances, recalled via 'Mandvi, horses, carts, and jaguas, and go to Goa to see them and fly kites. Come, don't cry, go to the village and sleep', include Mando (love and romance), Ghode Modhni (honoring Maratha warriors), Talgadi and Phugdi (Ganesh Chaturthi), Jagor (midnight to dawn), and Dekhni (Christian girls blending Indian attire with Western rhythms).
Dekhni dance showcases Goa's history with Portuguese and Indian cultural fusion.
Dekhni dance is significant as it visually represents Goa's history, with Indian clothing and Western rhythms, reflecting the blend of Portuguese and Indian influences. Other dances include Tarang Mel (Holi/Dussehra), Dhalo (women dancing with interlocked arms), Gaon (post-harvest), Romat (Shigmo Festival), and Sau Jao.
Folk Dances of India - Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh's dances, like Naati (Guinness World Record holder), are numerous and diverse.
Himachal Pradesh's dances, remembered by the trick 'Aman, a starlet, is sitting on the snow, wearing a demon costume and a garland, and dancing with a stick', include Naati (Guinness World Record for most dancers), Chhora/Jhali, Dhaman (Kullu Dussehra), Rakshasa dance (demon masks), Cholamba (oldest, tiger killing ritual), Dangi, Chapeli, and Cham (Buddhist monks warding off evil spirits).
Naati dance holds a Guinness World Record for the largest number of participants.
Naati holds a Guinness World Record with 9,892 dancers participating together in Kullu. The Rakshasa dance, with its demon masks and heavy costumes, combined with the Cham dance, served as psychological tools to cope with harsh conditions.
Folk Dances of India - Haryana
Haryana's dances, like Khoria and Dhamaal, celebrate harvest, spring, and are rooted in tradition.
Haryana's dances, described by 'Listen to the girls of Haryana, carrying dafli and manjira, making a splash under the chandelier during Phaggun', include Khoria (variation of Jhumar), Dup (spring harvest celebration), Manjira (Mewar district), Jhumar (young married girls), Dhamaal (Ahir community, traced to Mahabharata), Lur (girls' dance during Holi), and Sang (folk theatre).
Dhamaal dance has origins tracing back to the Mahabharata.
Dhamaal dance has roots in the Mahabharata, possessing a martial and warrior-like energy. It is performed by men from the Ahir community in open fields on moonlit nights.
Folk Dances of India - Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir's dances like Rauf and Bhand Pather are rich in cultural and festive significance.
Dances of Jammu and Kashmir, remembered by 'Harris Rauf is jumping through the dust of Bhaands in Manali', include Rauf (women's dance during spring, Eid/Ramadan), Bhand Pather (dance-drama, satirical acting), Dumhal (Watal tribe, nocturnal ritual dance), and Hikat (harvest season, hand-holding circle dance).
Bhand Pather is a comprehensive dance-drama and theatrical performance.
Bhand Pather is not just a dance but a full-fledged dance, drama, and theatrical performance incorporating satirical acting. Dumhal involves the Watal tribe wearing tall conical hats adorned with beads and shells.
Folk Dances of India - Jharkhand
Jharkhand's tribal dances, like Karma and Paika, are deeply connected to nature and martial traditions.
Jharkhand's tribal dances include Karma/Karam (Uraon tribe, worship of Kadam tree), Paika (Munda tribe, martial arts), Mundari (harvest dance), Dumkach (Nagpuri folk dance), Beni Dance (Sadan community), and Chhau Dance (martial arts, with variations in West Bengal and Odisha).
Chhau dance has three distinct types: Purulia (West Bengal), Seraikela (Jharkhand), and Mayurbhanj (Odisha).
The Chhau dance has three types: Purulia Chhau (West Bengal), Seraikela Chhau (Jharkhand), and Mayurbhanj Chhau (Odisha). This distinction is crucial for exams. Santhal dances include Jheka the Sain and Hunta (hunting ritual).
Folk Dances of India - Karnataka
Karnataka's dances like Yakshagana and Dollu Kunitha are theatrical and percussion-heavy.
Karnataka's dances include Yakshagana ('Song of Celestial Beings', theatrical), Bullak dance, Kam Saale (brass instrument connection), Dollu Kunitha (thunderous drum dance of Kuruba community), Bhootak Aaradhane (humans, nature, spirits), Nagamandala (ritualistic snake play), and Veeraga (Dussehra, Veerabhadra community).
Nagamandala is a ritualistic performance involving two priests portraying snake roles.
Nagamandala is a unique ritual where two priests, one male and one female snake, perform. Bhootak Aaradhane celebrates connections between humans, nature, and spirits.
Folk Dances of India - Kerala
Kerala's art forms like Aatam Thullal and Theyyam often involve dance dramas and ritualistic performances.
Kerala's art forms include Aatam Thullal (dance drama by Kunchan Nambiar), Kali Aatam/Theyyam (ritualistic worship on Malabar Coast), Koodiyattam (ancient Sanskrit theatre), Kolkali (stick dance), Chakhiyar Koothu (ancestor of stand-up comedy, epic narration), Thappukali, Kuruvara Kali, and Thiruthura Kali.
Chakhiyar Koothu is considered an ancient form of storytelling and monologue performance.
Chakhiyar Koothu is a monologue performance where a single artist narrates stories from epics with expressions, similar to ancient stand-up comedy. Kolkali involves rhythmic stick striking in a circle.
Folk Dances of India - Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh's dances like Kaksar and Bhagoria reflect tribal life and festivals.
Madhya Pradesh's dances, using the trick 'A Goriya woman often stands on stage, holding a pot of jwara and phulpati, dancing and clapping', include Kaksar (Abuj Maria/Muria tribes), Bhagoria (Bhil tribe, Holi), Aadha (Matki dance style), Jawara (harvest dance), Phoolpati (unmarried girls), Manch (folk theatre), Khada Nach, and Tratali (Kamal tribe, cymbal striking).
Tratali dance involves intricate movements while sitting on the ground with cymbals.
Tratali dance is performed by the Kamal tribe while sitting on the ground, striking cymbals tied to their bodies. Sela dance is performed by Bhil tribal boys during harvest. Usha Barle and Teejan Bai are famed Pandavani exponents.
Folk Dances of India - Maharashtra
Maharashtra's energetic dances like Lavani and Koli reflect street energy and historical narratives.
Maharashtra's dances, based on the trick 'Bring a Koli Vada Pav. Lazy is putting on a show. Get lost, or else Muni. Go to someone who puts on a proper play', include Koli (fisherman community), Powadas (Shivaji Maharaj songs), Lavani (high-energy song and dance), Lezim (calisthenic moves), Tamasha (folk theatre), Gafa (Gond tribe), Moni, and Dhangri (shepherd community).
Lavani has distinct formats like 'Bhataki Lavani' and Sulochana Chauhan was titled 'Lavani Samratni'.
Specific Lavani formats include 'Bhataki Lavani' (private audience, closed room). Sulochana Chauhan is known as 'Lavani Samratni' (Queen of Lavani). Lezim involves acrobatic, equipment-free exercises.
Folk Dances of India - Northeast (Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland)
Northeast India’s tribal traditions are intricate; Manipuri's Thangta is a martial art with swords and spears.
Northeast India's tribal dances are detailed. Manipur features Thangta (sword/spear martial art), Lai Haroba (Meitei tribe), Dhol Cholam (drum dance), Pung Cholo, Lagi (Rasleela), Khamba Thoibi (romantic dance), and Nupa dance.
Meghalaya's Wangala dance is known as the 'Festival of 100 Drums'.
Meghalaya's dances include Nonkrim (Khasi tribe, harvest/peace), Wangala (Garo tribe, 'Festival of 100 Drums'), Bahdin Khalam (Jaintia tribe, warding off evil), Laho (Jaintia tribe), and Shat Sukh Mansem (Khasi tribe, Spring Festival).
Mizoram's Cheraw dance is a famous 'bamboo dance'.
Mizoram's dances, recalled by 'There's a Khullam Chillam war going on on the stage of Mizoram', include Khullam (Dance of Guests), Chalam (Chapchar Kut festival), Jangtalam (Paithle tribe), and Cheraw (famous 'bamboo dance' requiring precision jumping).
Nagaland's warrior culture is reflected in dances like Bamboo Dance and the 'Warrior Dance' Ring Dance.
Nagaland's dances, based on the trick 'people of Nagaland are eating bamboo by stuffing snakes, potatoes, butterflies, and cows into it', include Bamboo dance (Kuki tribe), Ring Dance/Warrior Dance (Naga tribe, during Horn Bill Festival), Virchu Dance (Konyak tribe), Butterfly Dance (Jiang tribe), Changai Dance (Changai tribe), Jiliang Dance (Jiliang tribe), and Mose Dance (Ao tribe, harvest).
Folk Dances of India - Odisha (Continued)
Odisha's folk dances like Gotipua and Dalkhai are vibrant and often involve balancing acts.
Odisha's folk dances, remembered by the trick 'Pua Khaya Dal Khaya Danda Leke Ghum Raha Bhaaga Nacha', include Gotipua (boys dressed as women for Lord Jagannath/Krishna), Dalkhai (Sambalpur region), Danda Natha (Kalahandi district), Ghumura (Tiger Dance, Kalahandi), and Bhaga Nacha (Tiger Dance, Ganjam district).
Ghotipua tradition involves young boys dressing as women.
In the Gotipua tradition, young boys dress as women and dance in praise of deities. Other noted dances include Chhau, Karma, Ranappa (Ganjam, dedicated to Krishna), and Cheti Ghoda.
Folk Dances of India - Rajasthan
Rajasthan's dances like Ghoomar and Kalbelia are rich in cultural traditions and performed during festivals.
Rajasthan's dances, with the trick 'King Ganga was roaming around yesterday with Susani, carrying four plates. But in my thoughts', include Gangaur (worship of Mata Gauri), Kalbelia (snake charmer dance, Gulabo Sapera is a key exponent), Ghoomar (Bhil tribe), Chari (Gurjar community, balancing pots), Tera Tali (Kamar tribe, complex movements), Susaini/Sistini, and Khayal dance.
Gulabo Sapera is a renowned Kalbelia dancer.
Gulabo Sapera is a very famous Kalbelia dancer, making her name important for exams. Tera Tali involves intricate movements and is performed by the Kamar tribe.
Folk Dances of India - Sikkim
Sikkim's dances like Chuphat and Singhi Chhammam are linked to festivals and tribal traditions.
Sikkim's dances, recalled by 'moonlight has been traveling across the land of Sikkim with a lion for an hour', include Chuphat (Lepcha tribe, Pang Lhassol festival), Sikmari (Lepcha tribe, celebrating nature), Jomal/Yak Dance (Lepcha tribe), Singhi Chhammam/Kanchenjunga dance (Bhutia tribe, Pang Lhassol festival), Ghantu, and Yaksham (Losar festival).
Singhi Chhammam is performed by the Bhutia tribe during the Pang Lhassol Festival.
A key distinction is that Singhi Chhammam, also known as the Kanchenjunga dance, is performed by the Bhutia tribe, while Chuphat is by the Lepcha tribe, both during the Pang Lhassol festival.
Folk Dances of India - Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu's dances like Kolattam and Devarattam are rhythmic and often ritualistic.
Tamil Nadu's dances, understood by their meaning and story, include Kolattam (stick dance), Silambattam (martial arts dance), Oil Attam (Madurai region), Devarattam ('Dance of the Gods'), Karadi Attam/Puikaal Kuthari Attam (dummy horse structure), Kummi (women's dance during Pongal), and Kavadi Attam ('Burden Dance' for Lord Murugan).
Kavadi Attam involves devotees carrying decorated burdens to worship Lord Murugan.
Kavadi Attam involves devotees carrying decorated 'Kaavads' (burdens) on their heads as an act of worship to Lord Murugan.
Folk Dances of India - Telangana
Telangana's dances like Perini and Bathukamma are linked to festivals and warrior traditions.
Telangana's dances, recalled by 'Perini Lambadi celebrating Bonalu with Dappu Bathuk', include Perini Shiva Tandavam (warrior dance of Lord Shiva), Lambadi (Banjara tribe), Dappu dance (drum dance), Bathuk dance (Bathuk festival for Goddess Gauri), and Bonalu dance (Goddess Mahakali).
Perini Shiva Tandavam is an ancient warrior dance dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Perini Shiva Tandavam, also known as the Dance of Warriors, is an ancient dance dedicated to Lord Shiva, performed with great vigor.
Folk Dances of India - Tripura
Tripura's Hojagiri dance is a famous balancing act by the Riang tribe.
Tripura's dances known by 'Hojagiri of Tripura celebrating Garia with Lebang', include Hojagiri (balancing dance by Riang tribe), Lebang Bumani (harvest season), Garia dance (Baba Garia worship), Hagari (Hallam community).
Hojagiri dance is a significant performance from the Riang tribe.
Hojagiri is a notable dance performed by the Riang tribe, characterized by its balancing feats. Lebang Bumani is performed during the harvest season.
Folk Dances of India - Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh's dances like Raasleela and Charkula are linked to Lord Krishna and regional traditions.
Uttar Pradesh's dances, remembered by 'Raas, where Charkula, Peacock, and Kajri dance are performed along with Nautanki', include Raasleela (life of Lord Krishna), Mayur Dance (Peacock Dance, Lord Krishna), Nautanki (popular folk theatre), Charkula (Braj region), Karma, Jhora, and Dhobiya dances.
Kajri dance is performed during the monsoon season in Uttar Pradesh.
Kajri dance is typically performed during the monsoon season. Charkula is a significant dance from the Braj region.
Folk Dances of India - Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand's dances like Langveer and Chholiya involve acrobatics and martial themes.
Uttarakhand's dances, recalled by 'Langveer, with Pandav Jhora performing Jagar with Chholia', include Langveer dance (acrobatic on bamboo pole), Pandav dance (based on Mahabharata), Jhora (community dance), Chholiya (martial dance with swords), and Jagar (ritualistic folk performance).
Chholiya is a martial dance using swords.
Chholiya is a martial dance form where swords are used, reflecting Uttarakhand's connection to bravery and tradition. Langveer involves impressive acrobatic feats on a bamboo pole.
Folk Dances of India - West Bengal
West Bengal's dances like Purulia Chhau and Gambhira have martial and festive elements.
West Bengal's dances, using the trick 'Purulia Chhau, Jhumar dance with Gambhira Alkab', include Purulia Chhau (martial folk dance), Gambhira (Chaitra festival), Alkaab (folk theatre), Jhumar (tribal communities), Domani, Kathi dance, and Vritta dance.
Purulia Chhau is a martial folk dance from the Purulia district.
Purulia Chhau originates from the Purulia district and is a martial folk dance. Gambhira is performed during the Chaitra festival, and Alkaab is a traditional folk theatre form.
Comparative Analysis of Martial Dances
Many Indian folk dances have martial origins, potentially disguised as dance for survival and training.
Numerous martial arts dances exist across India, including Chhau (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal), Paika (Bihar, Jharkhand), Thangta (Manipur), Silam Battam (Tamil Nadu), Kalari Paya (Kerala), Gatka (Punjab), Perini Shiva Tandavam (Telangana), and Choliya (Uttarakhand). These may have served as a means of survival, self-defense, and warfare training disguised as dance.
Census of India - Foundations and History
A census is a periodic, official enumeration of population conducted by the government under the Census Act of 1948.
A census is defined as an official population enumeration conducted periodically by the government. In India, it occurs every 10 years under the Ministry of Home Affairs, governed by the Census Act of 1948.
Henry Walters is considered the 'Father of Indian Censuses' for conducting the first census in Dhaka in 1830.
The first census in the Indian subcontinent was conducted in Dhaka in 1830 by Henry Walters, earning him the title 'Father of the Indian Censuses'.
India's first complete and synchronized census was held in 1881 under Lord Ripon.
The first incomplete census was in 1872 under Lord Mayo. The first synchronized and complete census was conducted in 1881 under Lord Ripon, with W.C. Plowden as Census Commissioner. The first post-independence census was in 1951.
The 2011 census was the 15th census since 1872 and the 7th post-independence.
The 2011 census was the 15th census overall (counting from 1872) and the 7th census conducted after India's independence. The 2021 census was delayed due to COVID-19 and is planned for October 2024.
2011 Census - Execution and Demographics
The 2011 census, with motto 'Our Censuses Are Our Future', collected data in two phases from 35 states/UTs.
The 2011 Census, led by Registrar General C.M. Chandramouli, had the motto 'Our Censuses Are Our Future'. It was conducted in two phases: house listing (April-September 2010) and date of enumeration (February 9-28, 2011), covering 35 states/UTs and 640 districts.
India's 2011 population was 1.21 billion, with 17.5% of the global population.
India's total population in 2011 was 1.21 billion (17.5% of the world's population), with China holding 19.4%. The male population was 623.7 million (51.54%) and female was 586.46 million (48.46%).
Uttar Pradesh holds the highest population share (16%), while Sikkim has the lowest.
States ranked by population: Uttar Pradesh (highest, 16% share), Maharashtra, Bihar. Lowest states: Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh. UTs: Delhi (highest), Lakshadweep (lowest). Districts: Thane (highest), Dibang Valley (lowest). Cities: Mumbai (highest), Kapurthala (lowest).
The decadal growth rate for 2001-2011 was 17.64%, with female growth slightly higher than male.
The decadal growth rate (2001-2011) was 17.64% (181.9 million increase). Male growth was 17.19%, female growth 18.12%. 1921 is the 'Year of the Great Divide' due to the shift from high death rates to population increase.
The highest decadal growth rate was 24.8% (1961-71), and the lowest was negative (-0.31% from 1911-21).
The highest decadal growth rate was 24.8% (1961-71). The lowest was negative (-0.31% from 1911-21), caused by famine and epidemics. Meghalaya had the highest state decadal growth (27.8%), Nagaland the lowest (-0.47%). Dadra & Nagar Haveli had highest UT growth (55.5%).
The child population (0-6 years) decreased by 38% compared to 2001, indicating a positive trend.
The child population (0-6 years) was 158.8 million (13.1% of total), a 38% decline from 2001. Highest child population in UP, lowest in Lakshadweep. Lowest child sex ratio in Haryana (834 females per 1000 males).
Kerala has the highest sex ratio among states (1084 females/1000 males), while Haryana has the lowest (879).
Overall sex ratio: Kerala highest (1084), Tamil Nadu (996). Haryana lowest (879), J&K (889). UTs: Puducherry highest (1037), Daman & Diu lowest (68). Child sex ratio: Arunachal Pradesh highest (972), Haryana lowest (834). Maharashtra showed negative growth in child sex ratio.
India's overall literacy rate increased to 74.04% in 2011; rural female literacy showed maximum improvement.
Overall literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04% (Male: 82.14%, Female: 65.46%). Adult literacy (15+) was 69.3%. The maximum improvement in the last decade was in rural female literacy. Kerala has the highest literacy (94%), Bihar the lowest (61.8%).
Rajasthan has the highest male-female literacy gap (27.8%), while Meghalaya has the lowest.
The literacy gap between males and females is 16.68%. Rajasthan has the highest gap (27.8%), followed by Jharkhand. Meghalaya has the lowest gap, followed by Kerala.
Bihar has the highest population density (1,106/sq km); Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest (17/sq km).
Population density: Bihar highest (1,106/sq km), West Bengal, Kerala follow. Arunachal Pradesh lowest (17/sq km), Mizoram next. UTs: Delhi highest (11,320), Andaman & Nicobar lowest (46).
68.8% of India's population lived in rural areas in 2011; Goa and Tamil Nadu have high urban populations.
Rural population: 68.8% (833.1 million). Highest rural % in Himachal Pradesh (89.9%). Urban population: 31.2% (377.1 million). Highest urban % in Goa (62.17%), Tamil Nadu (48.4%).
SCs comprise 16.6% (20.1 crore) of the population; STs comprise 8.6% (10.4 crore).
Scheduled Castes (SC) population: 20.1 crore (16.6%). Highest in UP (numbers), Punjab (percentage). Lowest in Mizoram. Zero SC population in Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, A&N Islands, Lakshadweep. Scheduled Tribes (ST) population: 10.4 crore (8.6%). Highest in MP (numbers), Lakshadweep (percentage). Zero ST population in Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Puducherry, Chandigarh.
Muslims show the highest decadal growth (24.6%) and lowest literacy, while Jains have lowest growth and highest literacy.
Religious composition: Hindu (-0.7pp), Sikh (-0.2pp), Buddhist (-0.1pp), Muslim (-0.8pp) show % decline from 2001. Muslims have highest decadal growth (24.6%) and lowest literacy. Jains have lowest decadal growth and highest literacy, showing an inverse correlation.
India's working-age population (15-64) is key to demographic dividend; female workforce participation is low.
Demographic dividend period: working-age population (15-64 years) grows rapidly. India's male workforce participation rate: 53.26%; female: 25.5%. Highest female LFPR in rural India: Himachal Pradesh (47.4%); urban India: Tamil Nadu.
Majority of internal migrants move for work (men) or marriage (women).
Migration trends: Highest out-migration from UP and Bihar. Highest in-migration to Maharashtra. Main reasons for internal migration: men (work/employment), women (marriage). International migrants: 15.1% from Nepal, 2.9% from Sri Lanka.
The first Socioeconomic and Caste Census (SECC) was conducted in 1931.
Miscellaneous facts: First SECC in 1931 (Ministry of Rural Development). Disabled population: 2.21% (2.68 crore). Adolescent population (10-19 years): 21%. 1951 literacy rate: 18.33% (Male: 27.16%, Female: 5.56%).
Future censuses will be digital using CMMS; NPP 2020 aims for a stable population by 2045.
Future census plans: Upcoming 2024 census will use digital CMMS (Census Management and Monitoring System). National Population Policy (NPP) 2020 aims for a stable population by 2045 to balance resource drain.
Folk Dances of India - Master List Compilation
A compilation of martial dances highlights their prevalence and potential origins in survival training.
A master list of martial arts dances includes Chhau (Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal), Paika (Bihar, Jharkhand), Thangta (Manipur), Silam Battam (Tamil Nadu), Kalari Paya (Kerala), Gatka (Punjab), Perini Shiva Tandavam (Telangana), and Choliya (Uttarakhand), suggesting warriors disguised practice as dance for survival.
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